GYMN-L Digest - 27 Jul 1996 - Special issue
There
are 15 messages totalling 617 lines in this
issue.
Topics in this special issue:
1. GYMN-L Digest - 26 Jul 1996 - Special
issue (2)
2. Olympic
gymnastics
3. "Balancing
Act" on CBC/NW Today (CAN)
4. My hopes lie w/Oly.
Gym. Barbie - Oh No!
5. <No
subject given>
6.
Sportsmanship
7. Boginskaya
8. At the Olympics -- The Bombing
9. What scores did they get?
10. Television, Coaching, Olympics
11. Kerri didn't need to vault...
12. Olympic comments #2,034
13. In Defence
of calling Shannon a quitter.
14. Gymnastics and the Olympics
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: Sat, 27 Jul 1996 18:11:35
+0700
From: ***@SERVER.INDO.NET.ID
Subject:
Re: GYMN-L Digest - 26 Jul 1996 - Special issue
At 18:13 26/7/96
-0400, you wrote:
>
>Hi, folks...
>I apologize for
the length of this posting, but I checked out the ESPNET
>Sportszone (recommended by a few people on the gymn list) today and discovered
>this
article. If you can get past the references to "little girls" and
look
>beyond the fact that this writer has
never had any respect for the sport of
>women's
gymnastics up till now, this is a tribute to the USA team and shows the
>kind of impact the team gold is having on people who don't
understand or care
>very much about gym as a
REAL SPORT!! I posted the article rather than just
>referred
to it because I'm aware that a number of us can't access the WEB yet.
>
>Lynanne
>*************************************************************************
>In
Atlanta, the Children Have Led Them
>By Charlie Vincent
>Special
to ESPNET SportsZone
>
>ATLANTA -- I
apologize to all the little girls who have tumbled and vaulted and
>cartwheeled their way through all the practice halls, under
the watchful eyes
>of all the demanding
gymnastic coaches in the world.
>
>I never felt they belonged in
the Olympics; I felt they were being used, being
>pushed
to become athletes before they could be little girls.
>
>Here, I
have learned something.
>
>What Kerri Strug
did was heroic, carrying her team and her country to the gold
>medal on a bum ankle. What Dominique Dawes, Shannon Miller
and Dominque Moceanu
>did in Thursday's individual gymnastic events was just as
riveting.
>
>I have always been against these children
participating in Olympics, not only
>because of
the stress on their little bodies, but because of the strain on
their
>families. Most leave
home before they are teenagers to work with the most
>renowned
coaches in the world. It is not unusual for families to come apart as
>a result; one parent approves of the move, the other
doesn't. Or perhaps one
>parent moves with the
child and the other, often feeling abandoned, remains at
>home. Alone.
>
>It is a huge sacrifice if only
for a gold medal.
>
>This week, though, these youngsters showed
the class and style and grittiness
>and
maturity that a lot of our other athletes -- in our professional leagues
as
>well as at these Olympics -- are
missing.
>
>When Dawes was leading after two rotations of the
women's all-around Thursday
>night, she
gracefully descended the steps from the apparatus platform, eyes
>straight ahead, her mind on what lay before her.
>She
did not strut.
>She did not do a victory dance.
>She did not do
anything to say: Look at me! Look at me! Look at me!
>Dominique Dawes
was doing what she had gone to Atlanta to do, and it was still
>a work in progress, and there was no time for
posturing.
>
>My complaint about these children being in the
Olympics has always been that
>we do not allow
them time to be children. I think now, that is not the problem.
>The
problem is that we allow a lot of our athletes to behave like children for
>too long.
>
>These little girls did none of
that.
>
>They no longer had a chance to medal, to stand on the
podium, to realize the
>dream of four years'
work. But they had to carry on, to do one more routine --
>
>In
defeat, in what they saw as personal failure, they dissolved in tears.
>And
we cried with them.
>
>They did not posture and pose and say,
"Ain't I great," when they won the
team
>title the other night. But they wept when
they did not do well in the
individual
>competition, because they did not live up to their own
expectations.
>
>Not enough of us believe any longer the old
adage: It's not whether you win or
>lose, but
how you play the game. These young women play it the way it was meant
>to be played, with pride and fire and heart and
commitment.
>
>Maybe I'm looking the wrong places, perhaps I'm
watching the wrong sports, but
>it seems more
and more these days, I see athletes who thump their chests at
>personal triumph and shrug off defeat, whether it is team
or
>individual.
>
>Our littlest
Olympians have shown us how to win and how to lose in these Games.
>
>Little
girls, I apologize.
>
>You are brave and you are mature, and
American sports would be better off if
>more of
our athletes behaved like you -- not like the children you appear to
>be, but like the mature people of purpose and value you have
proven to be.
>
>
(Please ignore, if you find any error
in my poor english).
Sorry
to you all -and off course to Mr. Charlie Vincent- because I have
edited the article quoted above. But I am sure it is clear
enough to understand.
I agree with many of his paragraphs. But allow
me to say it happened to
other women team's
countries. Kerrie's was showed us about many tears, pain
and
missing of childhood, which hapened too on Romanian,
Russian, Australia,
Indonesia -off course- etc.
There
are only to kind of sport I do like : basket ball and
gymnastic. I
love both to watch and play basket
ball, but for gymnastic I can do nothing
except watching
them. While I wacht, I always wondering whether is it
their
choice of their life or just for fun.
Different
from basket ball player, the peak of women gymnast's
performance
is at their teenage, exactly from 14
to 16. This is not what I know myself,
but after
read an article about Cetate Deva.
In
Indonesia, sport is not the choice for life. Even some did, they do not
plan to rest their life as an athlete. Many of our new
generation's athlete
keep
going to college to get their degree and then work as an entrepenuer
or
other office's works. So does with our
gymnasts. I am sure that they got
injuried
when they were trained to competitions, but they did the train
outside their school time. Besides, our education system is
not as full of
facility as on USA.
That
is why -as I have written before- I like gymnastic -especially the
women gymnasts- and respect of them. The article I read told
me about what
the answer of tiny girls whose
trained on Cetate Deva : I want to be like
Nadia Commanecci !
What an answer !
Yeah, I want to talk more
-and get somebody bore- but my english
quality
tell me to stop here. Oops, just one more
thing, look at again the last
paragraph of Mr.
Vincent's article : Do you feel the same I feel ?
Regards from
Indonesia,
Dayan.
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 26 Jul 1996 16:53:55
-0500
From: ***@PO-BOX.MCGILL.CA
Subject:
Re: Olympic gymnastics
>Does anyone have any suggestions as to what
would help me with getting my
>full? I'm just a
young gymnast, tumbler mostly, and a full is what I'm
>really lacking. My coach has been trying to help me, but I
just can't
>seem
>to
pick up on it. Could someone who can do a pretty good one explain it
>to me?
>
>Thanx in
Advance,
>Trinity
>
>
>
My coach approached the
full in the very simple manner: a
full
is nothing more than a areal cartwheel with a
half-twist before. So, start by
getting a *good*
side areal with +++ air time; then move on with coach
spotting
to linking this side areal to a previous 1/2 turn in the air...
Good
luck,
Maria
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 27 Jul 1996 09:50:02
-0400
From: ***@CAPITALNET.COM
Subject:
"Balancing Act" on CBC/NW Today (CAN)
Thought we'd have a
day off of gymn on TV today, eh?
CBC NewsWorld is re-showing its "Balancing Act"
documentary on BC gymnasts
Kim Allan and Atlin
Mitchell today at 3pm and at 8pm EST.
And for those who know me &
watch this doc, yes ... that is Me with the
cameras, but I wasn't at Nationals in Vancouver (May '95) as
the narrator
says. It is me at
Elite Canada in Toronto (December '95).
Regards,
Grace
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 27 Jul 1996 10:07:38
-0400
From: ***@AOL.COM
Subject:
Re: My hopes lie w/Oly. Gym.
Barbie - Oh No!
The beginning of the Rhythmic Gymnastics events start
in 5 days, and after
what I've seen on NBC thus
far, since the US competitors are not considered
medal
contenders, my only hope of any coverage lies in the fact that the
Olympic
Gymnastic Barbie is rumored to have rhythmic equipment included. The
computer
generated routines in the inevitable commercial could possibly be
entertaining, but I am no fan of Barbie and the
"lessons" she teaches young
girls -
materialism, materialism, materialism.
I can't believe I rooting for
a Barbie
doll, of all things, to possibly gain minimal TV coverage of my
favorite sport.
I feel so cheep.
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 27 Jul 1996 11:59:16
-0400
From: ***@AOL.COM
Subject:
Re: GYMN-L Digest - 26 Jul 1996 - Special issue
please
resend, I didn't get it
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 27 Jul 1996 12:03:01
-0400
From: ***@UKY.CAMPUS.MCI.NET
Subject:
<No subject given>
Dear Fellow Gymners,
After
learning of the bomb at Centennial Park in Atlanta, I feel compelled
to post this. I
hope that each of us will pray to any Supreme Being
that we
believe in and worship that there are no
further deaths or injuries in
Atlanta.
I also pray that the true Olympic Spirit, the Spirit that was
great enough to stop wars in ancient Greece, the Spirit that
is an
expression of all that is good in Humanity,
will spread forth until all the
worlds people know
peace and freedom from terror and violence.
I confess that as I write
this tears well up in my eyes.
Tears for those
killed and injured and
sorrow that such a sickness exists.
I also cry from
relief that none of my
friends or loved ones were injured.
I have not been
able to contact everyone,
however, and I hope that Rachele or Mayland could
let us know if
everyone is well.
As patriotic as I am, I cannot help but mourn the
violence and terror that
exists in my beloved
country. I was one of the first to
believe that the
terror of Oklahoma City must have
come from abroad. The bombing of
TWA 800
must be the work of foreigners. Centenniel
Park could not have been bombed
by Americans. However, to my horror, Oklahoma City, at
least, was the foul
deed of our own citizens, and
I just heard on CNN that Atlanta seems be the
work
of Americans as well. To those I
accused in my heart, I ask for
forgiveness. To those that live in the shadow of
terrorism constantly, I
pray for peace. To all of us I pray to my God that His
mercy will be
showered on us all, and especially
the victims and their friends and families.
May the Lord bless us and
keep us. May the Lord lift his face
to shine upon
us. May the Lord give us peace.
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 27 Jul 1996 12:28:14
-0400
From: ***@GARDEN.NET
Subject:
Sportsmanship
With all the discussion going on about the US Team
Members actually
supporting each other, Milo
congratulating Pods, etc, I thought I'd pass
this on, although it is somewhat off-topic.
Jackie-Joyner
Kersie (probably spelled *all three* of those wrong,
but you
know who I mean!) just
withdrew from the Heptathalon, due to injury,
after
the first event. As she and her
husband/coach were sitting there crying, a
whole
bunch of the other women in the hept came up and gave
her hugs and
told her how sorry they were. None of
these women were americans,
they were
just showing their tremendous affection
and respect. It was extremely touching.
Liz
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 27 Jul 1996 12:22:01
-0600
From: ***@MARCELINE.K12.MO.US
Subject:
Boginskaya
I was really pleased with Boginskaya's performance in the AA, although NBC
didn't show all her events. Does anyone know where Boginskaya is training,
where
she lives, her future plans, or any other info?
Allie
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 27 Jul 1996 13:22:35
-0400
From: ***@AOL.COM
Subject:
At the Olympics -- The Bombing
To all:
It was a beautiful
night at Olympic Centennial Park in Atlanta Friday.
There was a cool
breeze, a shining moon and at least two free concerts
playing
at any one time in the park. The park is at the heart of the Olympics
and a few blocks from the basketball and gymnastics
venues.
I
had been talking with a family from Canada in front of me. They were
all decked out in Canadian flags, pins and hats. They
laughed when I joked
that they were trying to
out-do the American fans. As we spoke, the free
concert
by a jazz artist played about 10 rows in front of us.
Two rows in front of
me, a man and a woman sat Indian-style on a bench,
kissing
each other and giggling. They were speaking in a language I did not
recognize, but their smiles gave away their fondness for one
another.
You
could see the Olympic spirit everywhere, in the faces of the two
lovers, in the joyful giggles of children, in the smiles of
total strangers
talking to one another while the
music played.
Two hours later, about 30 feet from where I had sat, a bomb
exploded.
I
was already on a bus on my way back to a friend s house when the bomb
went off. Like most people, I didn
t learn of the bomb until I awoke this
morning. I
sat in front of the television in horror, watching replays of the
home video taken of the bomb exploding.
I thought of the
Canadian family. I thought of the two lovers. Were they
still
there when it went off?
Police are now saying
it was a pipe bomb three of
them tied
together, with a bag of nails sitting on top. Fortunately,
security personnel
had seen the suspicious bag and
managed to clear much of the crowd from the
area
before the bomb went off.
Still, at least one
person died and more than 100 were injured.
As I sit here, writing
this on a Saturday afternoon, I begin to
appreciate
just how much security there is at the Olympics. You cannot get
into any sporting event without walking through a metal
detector and having
all your bags searched.
Security at Centennial
Park was even more impressive. When I visited the
park
Saturday afternoon, there were police officers and military personnel
around every corner. You might think this was intimidating
to visitors, but
the security force was extremely
friendly. They walked around the park,
starting up
conversations with people. They posed for pictures. Some traded
pins.
I even took pictures
of police officers on horses lifting little kids
into
the saddle.
At one point, security surprised me with their efficiency. I had
bought
an ice cream cone on a busy street and
wanted to sit down but there were no
seats around.
So I wedged myself
between two giant planters at the front of
a
building and sat down. Within one minute, an undercover police officer was
standing over me, wanting to know what I was doing
there.
As
soon as he saw what I was doing, he smiled and then jokingly asked
where I had bought the ice cream cone. He walked away, but
across the street,
I could see another officer keeping an eye on me, just
to make sure I wasn t
a
bad guy.
I
was amazed that in this sea of people probably 50,000 people at any
one time in the area where I was sitting the security was good enough
to
pinpoint me.
What happened at
Olympic Centennial Park most likely could not have been
prevented.
Even if security had attempted to put up thousands of metal
detectors to check everyone entering and leaving the park,
the bomber would
have simply found another
populated place.
But I grow angry at the cowardice act of this bomber. I grow angry
that
he hurt so many people physically and put a
pall over the Olympics. I keep
wondering to myself
how many children have been affected mentally by this
trauma.
Tears came to my eyes
when television journalists interviewed people
going
to the venues this morning (Saturday morning). People from many
countries vowed that this bomber would not keep them from
attending the
games, that they would not be forced
to cower in fear in their hotel rooms.
In them, I saw the
Olympic Spirit.
I think back to the Opening Ceremonies, when all of us in the
stadium
were asked to embrace the ideals of the
Olympics. We were asked to dream
dreams that
mortal had ever dared dream before.
I think about the
rousing cheer when the flame was lit. I think about
gymnast
Kerri Strug fighting pain and landing her second
vault. I think about
the group of Koreans who took
me in as their friend during the weightlifting
competition
and gave me presents.
I think a lot about
the Canadian family. I think a lot about the two
lovers.
I think a lot about
the Olympic Spirit.
It is something that no bomber can take away. The Olympic Spirit is
something that will forever remain with the people
here.
It
burns brightly in their hearts.
-- Ronald
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 27 Jul 1996 13:35:55
-0500
From: ***@PRODIGY.COM
Subject:
What scores did they get?
Does anybody know Dawes & Miller's 2
vaults in AA final, please?
(not the averaged
score & not in team competition)
Thanx
in advance,
JOANNE
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 27 Jul 1996 14:11:08
-0400
From: ***@AOL.COM
Subject:
Television, Coaching, Olympics
I thought I
would take this opportunity to summarize my thoughts about the
Olympics and the Televison coverage.
I
have read an awful lot of judgemental statements
that, without proper
information, are pretty far
out of line. One person said that
Shannon Miller
QUIT in the All Around Finals because he didn't like her
choice of vaults
after she was out of the
running. QUIT?! Isn't that a pretty silly thing to
say, in view of all that she has accomplished in her
career? I would submit
to you that being a quitter and being a champion are both
learned behaviors,
reinforced by repetition. I hardly think that a young woman, whose
actions
for many years have proven that she is a
champion, would suddenly turn into a
quitter. Judgements
like that should be based on fact, not surmise.
Along the same lines,
the condemnation of what the coaches say to the
gymnasts
is absolute proof that the idea of putting a mike on coaches is a
STUPID
idea; the coaches themselves should have had the sense
to refuse this.
The point is, and has been stated well in many of the posts
of the past few
days, coaching is situational and
personal and shouldn't be evaluated out of
the
context in which it is done. One
final note to the coaches (and to NBC):
You are NOT the show; you belong in the
background, doing your job.
Finally, some remarks about the TV
coverage. After reading and
thinking
about the producer's post a few days ago,
I no longer find John Tesh very
irritating. Tesh does present
things in a light that informs the
non-gymnastics
people and gives them an understandable story line to follow.
He does this quite well, although his
periodic gaffes hit me badly. I
am
much more irritated by the constant, grinding
negativity of Tim Daggett's
commentary. After virtually EVERY routine, he makes
a statement about how he
has seen the gymnast do
it better in workout or somewhere.
Another major
irritation is the camera
close-ups of the faces of the gymnasts, particularly
after
a miss. I am amazed that the same
sense of artistry that created the
"fluff"
pieces (I thought most of them had a good deal of artistic and and
entertainment merit, THE
FIRST TIME THEY RAN) can't see that a more distant
camera
shot, with a little more environment in the background and some
creative editing would communicate the situation better,
more artistically,
more compassionately, and
without being offensively intrusive.
Finally, I would like to suggest
that the NBC people need to watch and LISTEN
to
their gymnastics coverage, and then compare it to the coverage that their
people have done on other sports. The contrast is stark. In swimming, the
"color" people provide a lot of information about
training and techniques, as
do most of the other
sports. Some of the information is
over my head (along
with the general public) but,
in providing this detail, I can figure out a
lot
of what they are talking about and I feel like I have a small
understanding of HOW things work and what is going on. By contrast, the
gymnastics
announcers seem to talk down to the public (something we can ill
afford); they don't explain the skills and , they won't even
NAME the skills.
For example,
in the Men's Compulsory Pommel Horse, Tim repeatedly pointed
out the critcal skill that gives
the gymnasts the most problems. He
never
gave it a name or described what is going
on, so the public is left wondering
what he is
talking about. Suppose, the first
time, he had said " This skill
is called a
Spindle. It involves doing a double
leg circle in one direction
while moving the hands
and rotating the body in the opposite direction at the
same
time." People would have a
little understanding about what they saw,
the skill
would have a name, and a terminology base would begin to develop.
GO TO THE FILM, NBC. A little more of what you do in other
sports would
help in your gymnastics
coverage.
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 27 Jul 1996 16:53:16
-0400
From: ***@AI.MIT.EDU
Subject:
Kerri didn't need to vault...
...so why did
she? Did she have to make the
decision to vault or not before
the other relevant
scores were in, or did they screw up by not finding out if
she really needed to do it first. Sorry if this has already been
discussed
here but I am way behind on my email
(due to a new baby) and missed this info.
--Robyn
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 27 Jul 1996 15:25:38
-0600
From: ***@SUPERNET.AB.CA
Subject:
Re: Olympic comments #2,034
Dawes beam was more solid and a better
landing. But better than a
difference of .012.
She had three balance checks that were noticable,
and
then the dismount. I love Mo, but that was OVERSCORED big
time.
>As for Mo's beam - perhaps the 0.2 was for the landing? This girl is
>amazing
on BB, and I couldn't discern any obvious errors. Compare Mo to
>Dawes on beam formwise, and see if you can work out how Dawes managed a
9.812.
>
>The Australian girls weren't even shown on our
telecast! I felt so sorry
>for their families and friends. However, later on there were
highlights,
>but I've no idea where they
finished. If you want to talk about
off
I saw Joanna Hughes at one point! On floor.
Kel
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 27 Jul 1996 17:00:48
-0600
From: ***@ZEPHYR.MEDCHEM.PURDUE.EDU
Subject:
In Defence of calling Shannon a quitter.
Everyone
wants to think of Shannon as a great gymnast. Well, lets
just
say that she is. Fine. She's won two world titles (from behind, no
less) and in her last two nationals she had falls but came
back in
the end and did well. She won nationals
with a fall. She didn't collapse
into tears. She
didn't come crying down the vault run way after her first
vault. She didn't decrease her difficulty. She did her job.
IN the
Olympics, your job is to do your best. Your job is to compete, not
just
win. Your job is to block it out and do your
job. She didn't. She fell
to pieces after her FX.
She looked and acted demoralize. She didn't
have
to. She could have went for her most difficult vaults and still
gotten the emotional high of finishing the competition with
the great
effort she is known for (and respected)
and heard the thuderous
applause
which could have made things different. But because she wasn't
'in it' anymore, she didn't do that.
You say she's
no quitter, but I look back at gymnasts like Julianne
McNamara in 1984, who
pulled herself up to forth place on her final
event
with a 10.0 on bars, even though she couldn't win
a
medal. She could have given a weaker performace,
she was already in
final,
and it was just for pride. She didn't stand there crying. She
didn't quit. She did it for herself. Others have done this,
too.
It's called the Olympics. It's called doing your best. It's not
called feeling sorry for yourself because you didn't
win.
I'm sorry if this feels harsh or mean, but at least I can
separate
myself from being a patriotic zealot to
an observer (which 95% of the
people in Dome
couldn't do.) If you think I'm being onesided and
anti-
Miller, I'm not. I'll say other things. Dina can't RO entry vault
for
crap. She can't. But she had to. Just like
Dawes had to do it in Birmingham.
She had to go for it. That is what the
Olympics is about. It isn't about
the endorsement dollars some athletes will get. It isn't
about
autobiographies. It isn't about sitting
there and pouting. It is about being
an athlete,
an olympian. It is about NOW, not how someone did
before.
Shannon is a great gymnast. I just wish that she would have gone
for the
ten instead of playing it easy and falling
apart. Sure, it was sad, but
not as sad as Dawes
in Birmingham, most of the Russians, Romanians, and
Ukrainians going
unnoticed, or Chustovitina's power tumbling
going
unnoticed as well. Moceanu
didn't quit, and Dawes went for her 10.0
vault.
Shannon just didn't look into it after FX, and it showed.
To say that
Shannon wasn't a quitter in the Olympics only based on her
past performance is plain silly. Her past performances meant
nothing to
the judges. She was treated like
everyone else. She's known to
'stay in there' and
fight in the past. Because she -could- have done this
in
the AA and didn't, then I say she quit.
And these are my opinions. It
isn't malicious. It's criticism. But you
people
will be the ones to decide that issue, not me.
Jeff
Dina,
Dina, Dina.
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 27 Jul 1996 18:44:44
EDT
From: ***@COMPUSERVE.COM
Subject:
Gymnastics and the Olympics
I just got back from the Olympics
yesterday and have barely looked at my backlog
of gymn-digest messages. However, rather than read it all
before posting, I am
giving a list of some
observations from the
Olympics.
Mispronunciations I heard on the radio of Kerri Strug's name: Kathy Strug
and
Kerri Strung.
Kerri's new nickname: Courageous Kerri.
I
have to say I was not too impressed by Boguinskaya's
floor routine. I saw no
transition between her
tumbling passes and her choreography. It was like she
would
dance a little, then completely stop and do some tumbling. Then, stop
tumbling and do some dancing again. I mean, in Chorkina's floor, for example, it
looked
like she would make some arm movements and steps to gracefully switch
from dance to tumbling.
Jaycie
Phelps's floor music really annoyed me. I'm surprised no one told her to
change it before going to the Olympics. That car engine
noise apparently just
helps her to avoid doing any
synchronized choreography.
Oh, by the way, the Bulgarians competed in
the final session of men's team
optionals.
I was at the Georgia Dome for the third session and got home in time
to see the broadcast on NBC. I don't think they showed a
single routine of the
Bulgarians. I guess NBC did not deem Dounev's hi-bar, Ivanov's floor,
or
Jovtchev's ring routine worth
broadcasting.
I really think Podkapaeva has
the best choreographed floor routine. Too bad
John
Tesh couldn't keep his mouth shut during the
broadcast of her routine on TV.
The volunteers at the Georgia Dome
deserve a lot of credit for the excellent job
they
did in handling the crowd there. They had to clear out the Dome and usher
in a new group within only an hour's time. All the
volunteers I encountered were
friendly and
cheerful.
That's all for now. More later.
Dana
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End
of GYMN-L Digest - 27 Jul 1996 - Special issue
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